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Friday, 2 November 2012

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✅ MCQs: Functions of the Kidney (A WET BED)

1. Which of the following is not a primary function of the kidney?
A. Filtration of blood
B. Insulin production
C. Regulation of electrolytes
D. Maintenance of acid-base balance
➡️ Answer: B. Insulin production

2. The kidney contributes to blood pressure regulation mainly by:
A. Excreting glucose
B. Producing renin
C. Storing sodium
D. Increasing blood viscosity
➡️ Answer: B. Producing renin

3. Erythropoietin produced by the kidney stimulates:
A. Bone mineralization
B. Red blood cell production in the bone marrow
C. Platelet activation
D. Vitamin D storage
➡️ Answer: B. Red blood cell production in the bone marrow

4. Which function of the kidney is most directly associated with A in A WET BED?
A. Urea excretion
B. Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration
C. Sodium absorption
D. Vitamin D activation
➡️ Answer: B. Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration

5. What hormone is activated in the kidneys and is essential for calcium absorption?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Calcitriol (active Vitamin D)
D. Parathyroid hormone
➡️ Answer: C. Calcitriol (active Vitamin D)

6. A patient with kidney failure may develop anemia due to decreased:
A. Iron absorption
B. Urea excretion
C. Erythropoietin production
D. Glomerular pressure
➡️ Answer: C. Erythropoietin production

7. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in advanced kidney disease?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
➡️ Answer: C. Hyperkalemia

8. The kidney helps maintain water balance by regulating:
A. Sweating
B. Lung ventilation
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) response
D. Heart rate
➡️ Answer: C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) response

9. Removal of nitrogenous waste products like urea and creatinine is part of which kidney function?
A. Electrolyte regulation
B. Acid-base control
C. Toxin removal
D. Erythropoietin production
➡️ Answer: C. Toxin removal

10. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), influenced by kidneys, primarily affects:
A. Red cell mass
B. Immune response
C. Blood pressure and sodium retention
D. Urea production
➡️ Answer: C. Blood pressure and sodium retention

11. What part of the nephron is primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Collecting duct
D. Glomerulus
➡️ Answer: C. Collecting duct

12. Which hormone enhances sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Parathyroid hormone
C. Aldosterone
D. Antidiuretic hormone
➡️ Answer: C. Aldosterone

14. A person with kidney failure has high serum urea. This is due to failure of which function?
A. Water regulation
B. Electrolyte control
C. Acid-base balance
D. Toxin removal
➡️ Answer: D. Toxin removal

15. Which of the following explains why CKD patients are often hypertensive?
A. Loss of albumin
B. Activation of renin-angiotensin system
C. Increased uric acid
D. Reduced calcium reabsorption
➡️ Answer: B. Activation of renin-angiotensin system

16. Which blood test is a common indicator of kidney function related to toxin excretion?
A. Serum glucose
B. Serum calcium
C. Serum creatinine
D. Serum bilirubin
➡️ Answer: C. Serum creatinine

17. In chronic kidney disease, anemia primarily results from:
A. Blood loss
B. Iron deficiency
C. Erythropoietin deficiency
D. Hemolysis
➡️ Answer: C. Erythropoietin deficiency

18. The kidneys regulate blood pH by:
A. Reabsorbing potassium
B. Excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate
C. Filtering albumin
D. Producing insulin
➡️ Answer: B. Excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate

19. What is the main site of water reabsorption in the nephron?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Collecting duct
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Distal convoluted tubule
➡️ Answer: C. Proximal convoluted tubule

20. Why do CKD patients often develop bone disease (renal osteodystrophy)?
A. Low potassium
B. Impaired activation of vitamin D
C. High albumin levels
D. Increased glucose reabsorption
➡️ Answer: B. Impaired activation of vitamin D



✅ KIDNEY MCQ – SET 1: Anatomy & Physiology

1. The functional unit of the kidney is:
A. Nephron
B. Glomerulus
C. Loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct
➡️ Answer: A. Nephron

2. Which blood vessel brings blood into the glomerulus?
A. Efferent arteriole
B. Afferent arteriole
C. Renal vein
D. Peritubular capillary
➡️ Answer: B. Afferent arteriole

3. The glomerulus is located in which part of the nephron?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Renal pelvis
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Collecting duct
➡️ Answer: C. Bowman’s capsule

4. Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the collecting duct?
A. Aldosterone
B. Insulin
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Cortisol
➡️ Answer: C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

5. Renin is secreted by which structure?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
D. Collecting duct
➡️ Answer: C. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

6. The kidney is located in which anatomical region?
A. Intraperitoneal
B. Retroperitoneal
C. Pelvic cavity
D. Thoracic cavity
➡️ Answer: B. Retroperitoneal

7. Which of the following is not normally found in urine?
A. Urea
B. Creatinine
C. Glucose
D. Sodium
➡️ Answer: C. Glucose

8. The loop of Henle plays a key role in:
A. Hormone secretion
B. Blood filtration
C. Water and salt concentration
D. Glucose reabsorption
➡️ Answer: C. Water and salt concentration

9. What is the primary stimulus for renin release?
A. High sodium
B. Increased blood pressure
C. Low renal perfusion pressure
D. High potassium
➡️ Answer: C. Low renal perfusion pressure

10. Erythropoietin, produced by the kidney, stimulates:
A. Platelet formation
B. White blood cell production
C. Red blood cell production
D. Hemoglobin breakdown
➡️ Answer: C. Red blood cell production



3.Type of Dialyzer

✅ MCQs: Types of Dialyzer in Hemodialysis

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of dialyzer membrane?
A. Cellulose acetate
B. Polysulfone
C. Polyethersulfone
D. Silicone rubber
➡️ Answer: D. Silicone rubber

2. High-flux dialyzers are characterized by:
A. Small pore size
B. Inability to remove large molecules
C. High ultrafiltration coefficient (Kuf)
D. Use of cellulose membranes
➡️ Answer: C. High ultrafiltration coefficient (Kuf)

3. What is the main advantage of high-flux dialyzers over low-flux dialyzers?
A. Lower cost
B. Better removal of small molecules only
C. Better clearance of middle molecules (e.g. β2-microglobulin)
D. Less fluid removal
➡️ Answer: C. Better clearance of middle molecules (e.g. β2-microglobulin)

4. Which type of dialyzer membrane is most biocompatible?
A. Cuprophane
B. Polysulfone
C. Cellulose
D. Modified cellulose
➡️ Answer: B. Polysulfone

5. Which is a disadvantage of low-flux dialyzers?
A. Excessive fluid removal
B. Inability to clear urea
C. Poor clearance of large solutes
D. Risk of air embolism
➡️ Answer: C. Poor clearance of large solutes

6. Which term describes a dialyzer’s ability to remove a substance from blood?
A. Blood flow rate
B. Clearance
C. Surface area
D. Transmembrane pressure
➡️ Answer: B. Clearance

7. Which of the following is true about reused dialyzers?
A. They cannot be disinfected
B. They increase infection risk if improperly handled
C. They are used only once
D. Reuse has no effect on dialyzer performance
➡️ Answer: B. They increase infection risk if improperly handled

8. High-efficiency dialyzers typically have:
A. Small surface area
B. Surface area <1 m²
C. Surface area >1.5 m²
D. Non-biocompatible membranes
➡️ Answer: C. Surface area >1.5 m²

9. Which dialyzer type is best suited for convective therapies like hemodiafiltration?
A. Low-flux dialyzer
B. Conventional cellulose dialyzer
C. High-flux synthetic dialyzer
D. Plate dialyzer
➡️ Answer: C. High-flux synthetic dialyzer

10. The term "K₀A" in dialyzers refers to:
A. Blood pump rate
B. Membrane biocompatibility
C. Mass transfer-area coefficient
D. Dialysate sodium level
➡️ Answer: C. Mass transfer-area coefficient

11. Which of the following materials is commonly used in synthetic high-flux dialyzers?
A. Cuprophane
B. Cellulose triacetate
C. Polysulfone
D. Starch-based membranes
➡️ Answer: C. Polysulfone

12. A dialyzer is considered "high-efficiency" if it has a urea clearance of at least:
A. 100 mL/min
B. 500 mL/min
C. 600 mL/min
D. 800 mL/min
➡️ Answer: C. 600 mL/min

13. Which of the following features is not associated with high-flux dialyzers?
A. Increased middle molecule clearance
B. Higher cost
C. Reduced ultrafiltration rate
D. Need for ultrapure dialysate
➡️ Answer: C. Reduced ultrafiltration rate

14. The reuse of dialyzers is most commonly done to:
A. Improve membrane clearance
B. Enhance sterility
C. Reduce cost
D. Increase surface area
➡️ Answer: C. Reduce cost

15. What does the term "biocompatibility" of a dialyzer membrane refer to?
A. Cost-effectiveness
B. Ease of manufacturing
C. Tendency to trigger immune or inflammatory response
D. Size of membrane pores
➡️ Answer: C. Tendency to trigger immune or inflammatory response

16. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of dialyzer reuse?
A. Enhanced solute clearance
B. Increased patient comfort
C. Decreased membrane permeability over time
D. Improved biocompatibility
➡️ Answer: C. Decreased membrane permeability over time

17. A "low-flux" dialyzer typically has a Kuf (ultrafiltration coefficient) of:
A. > 20 mL/hr/mmHg
B. 5–14 mL/hr/mmHg
C. > 30 mL/hr/mmHg
D. 50–60 mL/hr/mmHg
➡️ Answer: B. 5–14 mL/hr/mmHg

18. Which of the following is most accurate regarding high-efficiency dialyzers?
A. Designed for low blood flow rates
B. Require longer dialysis sessions
C. Provide larger surface area and higher urea clearance
D. Use non-synthetic membranes only
➡️ Answer: C. Provide larger surface area and higher urea clearance

19. Which type of dialyzer is best for removing β2-microglobulin and other middle molecules?
A. Low-flux cellulose
B. Low-efficiency reused
C. High-flux synthetic
D. Cuprophane-based
➡️ Answer: C. High-flux synthetic

20. Which of the following is the least biocompatible membrane material?
A. Polysulfone
B. Polyethersulfone
C. Cuprophane
D. Polyamide
➡️ Answer: C. Cuprophane

Posted by at 07:38 2 comments

Thursday, 18 October 2012

Your Dialysis Catheter

Your Dialysis Catheter


✅ MCQs: Dialysis Catheters

1. Which of the following is a temporary dialysis access device?
A. Arteriovenous fistula
B. Tunneled cuffed catheter
C. Non-tunneled catheter
D. Graft
➡️ Answer: C. Non-tunneled catheter

2. Where is a tunneled dialysis catheter usually inserted?
A. Radial artery
B. Femoral artery
C. Internal jugular vein
D. Subclavian artery
➡️ Answer: C. Internal jugular vein

3. The major risk associated with long-term use of dialysis catheters is:
A. Aneurysm
B. Infection
C. Hypertension
D. Hyperkalemia
➡️ Answer: B. Infection

4. Which of the following best describes a tunneled dialysis catheter?
A. Used for emergency short-term access
B. Placed in the operating room under general anesthesia only
C. Has a cuff that promotes tissue ingrowth
D. Cannot be used for hemodialysis
➡️ Answer: C. Has a cuff that promotes tissue ingrowth

5. Which of the following veins is most preferred for catheter insertion to reduce risk of central vein stenosis?
A. Left subclavian vein
B. Right internal jugular vein
C. Left femoral vein
D. External jugular vein
➡️ Answer: B. Right internal jugular vein

6. What is the purpose of locking a dialysis catheter with heparin or citrate after use?
A. To clean the catheter
B. To prevent clotting inside the lumen
C. To numb the catheter site
D. To increase blood flow
➡️ Answer: B. To prevent clotting inside the lumen

7. Which is a key sign of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)?
A. Hypertension
B. Fever with no other source of infection
C. Increased appetite
D. Muscle twitching
➡️ Answer: B. Fever with no other source of infection

8. What is the usual blood flow rate achievable through a well-functioning tunneled catheter?
A. 100–150 mL/min
B. 200–250 mL/min
C. 300–500 mL/min
D. >600 mL/min
➡️ Answer: B. 200–250 mL/min

9. A dialysis catheter should be flushed with saline before use to:
A. Prevent anemia
B. Reduce infection
C. Confirm patency
D. Lower potassium
➡️ Answer: C. Confirm patency

10. When using a dialysis catheter, blood should be drawn from:
A. The arterial port only
B. The venous port only
C. Either port
D. The designated arterial and venous ports appropriately
➡️ Answer: D. The designated arterial and venous ports appropriately

11. Which of the following is not a recommended site for long-term dialysis catheter placement?
A. Right internal jugular vein
B. Subclavian vein
C. Femoral vein
D. Left internal jugular vein
➡️ Answer: B. Subclavian vein
(Reason: Associated with higher risk of central vein stenosis.)

12. The “cuff” in a tunneled dialysis catheter helps to:
A. Increase blood flow
B. Prevent bleeding
C. Anchor the catheter and prevent infection migration
D. Deliver anticoagulant
➡️ Answer: C. Anchor the catheter and prevent infection migration

13. A common mechanical complication of dialysis catheters is:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Fibrin sheath formation
C. Arterial embolism
D. Polycythemia
➡️ Answer: B. Fibrin sheath formation

14. If a dialysis catheter has poor blood flow, what should be checked first?
A. Patient's blood pressure
B. Heparin lock concentration
C. Catheter position on chest X-ray
D. Blood urea level
➡️ Answer: C. Catheter position on chest X-ray

15. Which sign suggests catheter exit site infection?
A. Hypertension
B. Redness and purulent discharge at the insertion site
C. Bradycardia
D. Loss of AV thrill
➡️ Answer: B. Redness and purulent discharge at the insertion site

16. For temporary dialysis access, the femoral vein is used most appropriately when:
A. The patient is ambulatory
B. The internal jugular vein is not accessible
C. Blood pressure is high
D. The patient has a fistula
➡️ Answer: B. The internal jugular vein is not accessible

17. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are best prevented by:
A. Giving high protein diet
B. Increasing blood flow rates
C. Following strict aseptic technique during handling
D. Changing catheters every week
➡️ Answer: C. Following strict aseptic technique during handling

18. What is the typical color code of a dialysis catheter's arterial lumen?
A. Blue
B. White
C. Red
D. Green
➡️ Answer: C. Red

19. A "fibrin sheath" complication can result in:
A. Increased catheter patency
B. Enhanced blood flow
C. Reduced catheter function and withdrawal occlusion
D. Protection from infection
➡️ Answer: C. Reduced catheter function and withdrawal occlusion

20. Which of the following is true about locking dialysis catheters post-treatment?
A. Locking solution must always be saline
B. Heparin or citrate is used to prevent clot formation
C. Locking is only done in emergency catheters
D. Locking prevents infection
➡️ Answer: B. Heparin or citrate is used to prevent clot formation

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Acute Renal Failure

Acute Renal Failure

✅ Acute Renal Failure (AKI) – MCQs

1. Acute renal failure is defined as:
A. A slow decline in kidney function over years
B. Sudden and reversible loss of kidney function
C. Permanent damage to glomeruli
D. Kidney shrinkage over time
➡️ Answer: B. Sudden and reversible loss of kidney function

2. The most common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury is:
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Obstruction of urinary tract
C. Hypovolemia
D. Nephrotoxic drugs
➡️ Answer: C. Hypovolemia

3. Which of the following is a postrenal cause of acute renal failure?
A. Dehydration
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
D. Acute tubular necrosis
➡️ Answer: C. Bilateral ureteral obstruction

4. Which of the following laboratory findings is most typical in AKI?
A. Decreased BUN and creatinine
B. Hypernatremia
C. Elevated serum creatinine
D. Decreased potassium
➡️ Answer: C. Elevated serum creatinine

5. The RIFLE criteria are used to:
A. Classify chronic kidney disease
B. Identify urinary tract infections
C. Classify severity of acute kidney injury
D. Measure dialysis adequacy
➡️ Answer: C. Classify severity of acute kidney injury
(RIFLE = Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease)

6. Oliguria is defined as urine output less than:
A. 100 mL/day
B. 500 mL/day
C. 400 mL/day
D. 1,000 mL/day
➡️ Answer: C. 400 mL/day

7. Which drug is nephrotoxic and can contribute to acute renal failure?
A. Paracetamol
B. Metformin
C. Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin)
D. Beta-blockers
➡️ Answer: C. Aminoglycosides

8. Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly seen in AKI?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
➡️ Answer: B. Hyperkalemia

9. Indications for dialysis in acute renal failure include all EXCEPT:
A. Severe hyperkalemia
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Fluid overload unresponsive to diuretics
D. Mild proteinuria
➡️ Answer: D. Mild proteinuria

10. Which of the following is a hallmark of intrinsic (renal) AKI?
A. Low urine sodium (<20 mEq/L)
B. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) >2%
C. Rapid improvement with fluid challenge
D. No casts in urine
➡️ Answer: B. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) >2%

11. Which of the following is the most common cause of intrinsic AKI?
A. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Urinary tract obstruction
D. Hypovolemia
➡️ Answer: A. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

12. Which of the following urine findings suggests acute tubular necrosis?
A. Hyaline casts
B. Muddy brown granular casts
C. Red blood cell casts
D. No casts
➡️ Answer: B. Muddy brown granular casts

13. Prerenal AKI is characterized by:
A. Decreased renal perfusion
B. Tubular epithelial cell injury
C. Obstruction of urine flow
D. Immune complex deposition

14. Which of the following is a common cause of postrenal AKI?
A. Nephrotoxic drugs
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. Kidney stones causing obstruction
D. Acute interstitial nephritis
➡️ Answer: C. Kidney stones causing obstruction

15. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) is typically less than 1% in:
A. Intrinsic AKI
B. Prerenal AKI
C. Postrenal AKI
D. Chronic kidney disease
➡️ Answer: B. Prerenal AKI

16. What is the main goal in the initial management of prerenal AKI?
A. Start dialysis immediately
B. Correct underlying volume depletion
C. Administer nephrotoxic drugs
D. Restrict fluids aggressively
➡️ Answer: B. Correct underlying volume depletion

17. Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients at risk of AKI?
A. NSAIDs
B. ACE inhibitors (in volume depleted patients)
C. Aminoglycosides
D. All of the above
➡️ Answer: D. All of the above

18. In intrinsic AKI, the urine sodium concentration is generally:
A. Low (<20 mEq/L)
B. High (>40 mEq/L)
C. Zero
D. Variable
➡️ Answer: B. High (>40 mEq/L)

19. Which electrolyte abnormality in AKI can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypokalemia
➡️ Answer: B. Hyperkalemia

20. Which of the following is NOT an indication for emergent dialysis in AKI?
A. Severe metabolic acidosis
B. Volume overload refractory to diuretics
C. Asymptomatic mild elevation of BUN
D. Refractory hyperkalemia
➡️ Answer: C. Asymptomatic mild elevation of BUN


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Saturday, 13 October 2012

1.BUTTONHOLE CANNULATION VS CONVENTIONAL CANNULATION – THE QUALITY OUTCOME


✅ MCQs: Buttonhole vs Conventional Cannulation – Quality Outcomes

1. What is a key advantage of buttonhole cannulation over conventional cannulation?
A. Higher risk of aneurysm formation
B. Reduced pain during needle insertion
C. Increased need for needle repositioning
D. Higher incidence of hematoma
➡️ Answer: B. Reduced pain during needle insertion

2. Buttonhole cannulation involves:
A. Using a new puncture site for every dialysis session
B. Creating a tract by repeatedly cannulating the exact same spot and angle
C. Random needle insertion in the fistula
D. Only using metal needles
➡️ Answer: B. Creating a tract by repeatedly cannulating the exact same spot and angle

3. Which complication is reported more commonly with buttonhole cannulation compared to conventional?
A. Lower infection rates
B. Increased infection risk (tunnel infections, bacteremia)
C. Fewer aneurysms
D. No complications reported
➡️ Answer: B. Increased infection risk (tunnel infections, bacteremia)

4. Conventional cannulation is sometimes preferred because:
A. It has a consistent lower infection rate
B. It causes less pain
C. It prevents hematoma formation better than buttonhole
D. It is easier for patients to self-cannulate
➡️ Answer: A. It has a consistent lower infection rate

5. Buttonhole cannulation is best suited for:
A. Patients with newly created AV fistulas
B. Patients with mature, well-developed AV fistulas
C. Patients on peritoneal dialysis
D. Patients with central venous catheters
➡️ Answer: B. Patients with mature, well-developed AV fistulas

6. Which of the following is a reported benefit of buttonhole cannulation?
A. Decreased need for needle repositioning and infiltration
B. Increased needle-site pain
C. Higher rate of clotting
D. Increased vascular trauma
➡️ Answer: A. Decreased need for needle repositioning and infiltration

7. The “buttonhole tract” is created by:
A. Using blunt needles after the initial tunnel is formed
B. Switching sites each session
C. Using sharp needles every session
D. Avoiding fistula cannulation altogether
➡️ Answer: A. Using blunt needles after the initial tunnel is formed

8. Which practice reduces the infection risk associated with buttonhole cannulation?
A. Avoiding disinfectant use
B. Proper aseptic technique and scab removal before cannulation
C. Using larger gauge needles
D. Cannulating at multiple sites each session
➡️ Answer: B. Proper aseptic technique and scab removal before cannulation

9. Compared to conventional cannulation, buttonhole technique generally:
A. Increases needle-related complications
B. Decreases cannulation pain and bruising
C. Is associated with more aneurysm formation
D. Requires longer dialysis sessions
➡️ Answer: B. Decreases cannulation pain and bruising

10. Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome difference between buttonhole and conventional cannulation?
A. Buttonhole reduces cannulation pain
B. Conventional cannulation has fewer infections
C. Buttonhole increases aneurysm formation
D. Conventional cannulation requires creation of new puncture sites
➡️ Answer: C. Buttonhole increases aneurysm formation
(No clear evidence buttonhole increases aneurysm formation.)

11. Which needle type is recommended for use after the buttonhole tract is established?
A. Sharp needle
B. Blunt needle
C. Butterfly needle
D. Large bore catheter
➡️ Answer: B. Blunt needle

12. What is a common early complication during the learning phase of buttonhole cannulation?
A. Immediate infection
B. Difficulty locating the tract leading to infiltration
C. Permanent fistula damage
D. Hyperkalemia
➡️ Answer: B. Difficulty locating the tract leading to infiltration

13. Buttonhole cannulation has been shown to:
A. Reduce hematoma formation compared to conventional cannulation
B. Increase clot formation risk in all patients
C. Have no effect on patient comfort
D. Be less effective in reducing cannulation pain
➡️ Answer: A. Reduce hematoma formation compared to conventional cannulation

14. A major concern limiting wider adoption of buttonhole cannulation is:
A. Higher cost of blunt needles
B. Increased risk of Staphylococcus aureus infections
C. Requirement for frequent needle repositioning
D. Increased incidence of bleeding
➡️ Answer: B. Increased risk of Staphylococcus aureus infections

15. Proper training for buttonhole cannulation should emphasize:
A. Rotation of puncture sites every session
B. Consistent use of the same needle size and angle
C. Using sharp needles at every session
D. Avoiding scab removal to prevent trauma
➡️ Answer: B. Consistent use of the same needle size and angle

16. Compared to conventional technique, buttonhole cannulation often results in:
A. More frequent aneurysm formation
B. Reduced overall vascular trauma
C. Higher rates of catheter-related infections
D. Increased dialysis session time
➡️ Answer: B. Reduced overall vascular trauma

17. Which of the following is NOT recommended in buttonhole cannulation care?
A. Disinfecting the site before cannulation
B. Removing scabs before needle insertion
C. Using a new puncture site every session
D. Using blunt needles after tract formation
➡️ Answer: C. Using a new puncture site every session

18. In terms of patient preference, buttonhole cannulation is generally:
A. Less preferred due to pain
B. More preferred due to less pain and easier self-cannulation
C. Equally preferred as conventional
D. Not preferred due to increased bleeding
➡️ Answer: B. More preferred due to less pain and easier self-cannulation

19. Which patient group may particularly benefit from buttonhole cannulation?
A. Patients with new AV fistulas (<3 months)
B. Patients with difficult veins or needle phobia
C. Patients on peritoneal dialysis
D. Patients with central venous catheters
➡️ Answer: B. Patie

20. To minimize infection risk in buttonhole cannulation, it is important to:
A. Use sterile technique and antibiotic ointment at the site
B. Skip antiseptic cleaning to avoid irritation
C. Use larger gauge needles every session
D. Avoid scab removal to maintain a natural barrier





3.Buttonhole Cannulation What do we know

21. What is the typical time frame to fully establish a buttonhole tract?
A. 1-3 dialysis sessions
B. 5-10 dialysis sessions
C. 10-15 dialysis sessions
D. 20-30 dialysis sessions
➡️ Answer: C. 10-15 dialysis sessions

22. Which of the following is a major reason some centers avoid buttonhole cannulation?
A. Increased bleeding complications
B. Increased time required for cannulation
C. Higher rates of bacteremia compared to conventional cannulation
D. Lack of patient acceptance
➡️ Answer: C. Higher rates of bacteremia compared to conventional cannulation

23. The first needle used to create the buttonhole tract is:
A. A blunt needle
B. A sharp needle
C. A catheter
D. A large-bore dialysis needle
➡️ Answer: B. A sharp needle

24. Buttonhole cannulation is associated with:
A. Greater preservation of vascular access sites
B. Greater damage to the vessel wall
C. Increased pain during needle insertion
D. Frequent need to change cannulation sites
➡️ Answer: A. Greater preservation of vascular access sites

25. Which of the following infections is most commonly associated with buttonhole cannulation?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Candida albicans
➡️ Answer: B. Staphylococcus aureus

26. Compared to conventional technique, buttonhole cannulation can:
A. Increase the incidence of infiltration and hematoma
B. Reduce needle-related anxiety in patients
C. Increase the need for systemic antibiotics
D. Increase the risk of AV fistula thrombosis
➡️ Answer: B. Reduce needle-related anxiety in patients

27. Which of the following is a common sign of buttonhole infection?
A. Clear fluid drainage
B. Persistent scab at the site with redness and tenderness
C. Decreased fistula thrill
D. Increased blood flow rates
➡️ Answer: B. Persistent scab at the site with redness and tenderness

28. When converting from conventional to buttonhole cannulation, what is essential?
A. Immediate use of blunt needles
B. Creation of the tract by using sharp needles at the same site consistently
C. Use of larger gauge needles initially
D. Changing cannulation site weekly
➡️ Answer: B. Creation of the tract by using sharp needles at the same site consistently

29. Which one is true about self-cannulation in buttonhole technique?
A. Not recommended due to high risk of infection
B. Often easier and less painful than conventional cannulation
C. Requires larger needles
D. Causes more vascular trauma
➡️ Answer: B. Often easier and less painful than conventional cannulation

30. Which practice improves outcomes of buttonhole cannulation?
A. Avoiding scab removal before cannulation
B. Using a new needle insertion site each session
C. Daily site inspection and strict hygiene
D. Using sharp needles after tract formation
➡️ Answer: C. Daily site inspection and strict hygiene

31. The formation of a fibrous tunnel in buttonhole cannulation helps to:
A. Prevent hematoma formation
B. Reduce repeated vessel wall trauma
C. Increase bleeding risk
D. Promote infection spread
➡️ Answer: B. Reduce repeated vessel wall trauma

32. Which of the following is true regarding pain perception in buttonhole cannulation?
A. It causes more pain than conventional cannulation
B. It is typically less painful due to the established tract
C. Pain levels are the same in both techniques
D. Pain is unpredictable and varies widely without pattern
➡️ Answer: B. It is typically less painful due to the established tract

33. A potential disadvantage of buttonhole cannulation is:
A. Increased use of anticoagulants
B. Formation of aneurysms at the puncture site
C. Higher risk of local and systemic infection
D. Increased need for surgical revision
➡️ Answer: C. Higher risk of local and systemic infection

34. The “scab” formed at the buttonhole site must be:
A. Left intact during cannulation
B. Removed carefully before needle insertion
C. Ignored if no redness is present
D. Removed only if patient complains of pain
➡️ Answer: B. Removed carefully before needle insertion

35. What role does patient education play in buttonhole cannulation success?
A. Minimal role, mainly staff responsibility
B. Crucial for infection prevention and proper technique
C. Only important if the patient self-cannulates
D. No impact on complication rates
➡️ Answer: B. Crucial for infection prevention and proper technique

36. Compared to conventional cannulation, buttonhole technique generally:
A. Requires larger needles
B. Increases frequency of needle-site bruising
C. Allows easier self-cannulation by patients
D. Increases need for new access creation
➡️ Answer: C. Allows easier self-cannulation by patients

37. Which of the following is a recommended best practice to reduce infections in buttonhole cannulation?
A. Using non-sterile gloves
B. Avoiding antibiotic ointment at the site
C. Applying strict aseptic technique including chlorhexidine cleaning
D. Skipping hand hygiene if wearing gloves
➡️ Answer: C. Applying strict aseptic technique including chlorhexidine cleaning

38. Which statement is true about the impact of buttonhole cannulation on fistula longevity?
A. It definitively shortens fistula lifespan
B. Evidence is mixed but may preserve fistula by reducing trauma
C. It leads to immediate fistula failure
D. It has no impact on fistula function
➡️ Answer: B. Evidence is mixed but may preserve fistula by reducing trauma

39. In which scenario is conventional cannulation preferred over buttonhole?
A. Mature fistulas with scar tissue
B. New fistulas still maturing
C. Patients with needle anxiety
D. Patients practicing self-cannulation
➡️ Answer: B. New fistulas still maturing

40. One strategy to reduce infection risk in buttonhole cannulation is to:
A. Change the needle insertion site daily
B. Use blunt needles from the start
C. Regularly monitor for signs of infection and treat promptly
D. Avoid scab removal entirely
➡️ Answer: C. Regularly monitor for signs of infection and treat promptly



4.Buttonhole Technique

41. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding buttonhole cannulation infection rates?
A. They are consistently lower than conventional cannulation infections
B. They can be higher if aseptic technique is not strictly followed
C. Infection risk is negligible regardless of technique
D. Buttonhole cannulation eliminates infection risk completely
➡️ Answer: B. They can be higher if aseptic technique is not strictly followed

42. What is the recommended needle gauge for buttonhole cannulation after the tract is established?
A. 14-16 gauge blunt needle
B. 20 gauge sharp needle
C. 18 gauge sharp needle
D. 12 gauge catheter needle
➡️ Answer: A. 14-16 gauge blunt needle

43. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of buttonhole cannulation?
A. Reduced pain during needle insertion
B. Lower rate of aneurysm formation
C. Reduced needle infiltration incidents
D. Increased risk of thrombosis
➡️ Answer: D. Increased risk of thrombosis

44. How does buttonhole cannulation affect the need for needle repositioning during dialysis?
A. Increases the need due to inconsistent tract formation
B. Decreases the need because the tract guides needle placement
C. Has no impact on needle repositioning frequency
D. Requires repositioning every session to avoid infection
➡️ Answer: B. Decreases the need because the tract guides needle placement

45. Which of the following is a recognized complication specific to buttonhole cannulation?
A. Central vein stenosis
B. Tunnel tract infection
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Peritonitis
➡️ Answer: B. Tunnel tract infection

46. What is a key patient education point for those performing self-cannulation using the buttonhole technique?
A. Use the same needle size and angle each time
B. Change the puncture site daily
C. Avoid cleaning the site to prevent irritation
D. Remove the scab only if it causes pain
➡️ Answer: A. Use the same needle size and angle each time

47. Which antiseptic is most commonly recommended for cleaning the buttonhole site before cannulation?
A. Alcohol only
B. Povidone-iodine
C. Chlorhexidine
D. Hydrogen peroxide
➡️ Answer: C. Chlorhexidine

48. Buttonhole cannulation is least appropriate in which of the following situations?
A. Patients with needle phobia
B. Patients with immature fistulas
C. Patients who self-cannulate
D. Patients with mature fistulas
➡️ Answer: B. Patients with immature fistulas

49. Which of the following best describes the “buttonhole” tract?
A. A new puncture site each dialysis
B. A scarred tunnel created by repeated cannulations at the same site and angle
C. A needle track through muscle tissue
D. A fistula complication requiring surgery
➡️ Answer: B. A scarred tunnel created by repeated cannulations at the same site and angle

50. When monitoring a patient with buttonhole cannulation, what early sign might indicate infection?
A. Decreased blood pressure
B. Persistent redness and tenderness at the site
C. Increased dialysis adequacy (Kt/V)
D. Absence of fistula bruit
➡️ Answer: B. Persistent redness and tenderness at the site

51. Which of the following best describes the effect of buttonhole cannulation on hematoma formation?
A. Buttonhole increases hematoma formation
B. Buttonhole reduces hematoma formation compared to conventional
C. No difference in hematoma formation
D. Conventional cannulation eliminates hematoma
➡️ Answer: B. Buttonhole reduces hematoma formation compared to conventional

52. What is the main reason for the higher infection risk in buttonhole cannulation?
A. Frequent needle site changes
B. Repeated cannulation of the same site creating a tunnel susceptible to bacteria
C. Use of blunt needles
D. Larger needle gauge
➡️ Answer: B. Repeated cannulation of the same site creating a tunnel susceptible to bacteria

53. How can infection risk be minimized in buttonhole cannulation?
A. Avoiding scab removal before cannulation
B. Using sterile technique and careful scab removal prior to needle insertion
C. Using sharp needles every session
D. Ignoring redness unless fever develops
➡️ Answer: B. Using sterile technique and careful scab removal prior to needle insertion

54. In which scenario might buttonhole cannulation NOT be recommended?
A. Long-term stable AV fistulas
B. Newly created AV fistulas (<3 months)
C. Patients with needle phobia
D. Patients performing self-cannulation
➡️ Answer: B. Newly created AV fistulas (<3 months)

55. Which is a common reason patients prefer buttonhole cannulation?
A. More painful insertion
B. Reduced pain and anxiety during needle insertion
C. Increased bruising
D. Longer cannulation times
➡️ Answer: B. Reduced pain and anxiety during needle insertion

56. What type of needle is used after the buttonhole tract is formed?
A. Sharp needle only
B. Blunt needle
C. Butterfly needle
D. Large bore catheter
➡️ Answer: B. Blunt needle

57. Which of the following complications is shared by both buttonhole and conventional cannulation?
A. Tunnel tract infections
B. Hematoma and infiltration
C. Higher risk of systemic bacteremia unique to buttonhole
D. None of the above
➡️ Answer: B. Hematoma and infiltration

58. Which clinical practice improves buttonhole cannulation success?
A. Rotating needle sites every session
B. Consistent needle angle and site with same needle size
C. Using large gauge sharp needles after tract formation
D. Skipping antiseptic cleaning to preserve skin integrity
➡️ Answer: B. Consistent needle angle and site with same needle size

59. Why is patient education critical in buttonhole cannulation?
A. To ensure adherence to infection prevention protocols
B. To train patients on self-cannulation techniques
C. To identify early signs of infection
D. All of the above
➡️ Answer: D. All of the above

60. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Buttonhole cannulation eliminates all vascular access complications
B. Conventional cannulation is always safer than buttonhole
C. Buttonhole cannulation can reduce vascular trauma but may increase infection risk if poorly managed
D. Infection risk is the same in both methods regardless of care
➡️ Answer: C. Buttonhole cannulation can reduce vascular trauma but may increase infection risk if poorly managed



5.Analysis Of Buttonhole Technique

61. Which of the following best describes the typical needle insertion technique in conventional cannulation?
A. Repeatedly using the exact same site and angle
B. Rotating needle insertion sites for each session
C. Only using blunt needles
D. Only self-cannulation is allowed
➡️ Answer: B. Rotating needle insertion sites for each session

62. What is a major clinical sign of fistula infection in buttonhole cannulation?
A. Fistula bruit increase
B. Persistent redness, swelling, and pain at the site
C. Increased thrill strength
D. Decreased dialysis adequacy
➡️ Answer: B. Persistent redness, swelling, and pain at the site

63. Which best describes the impact of buttonhole cannulation on patient self-care?
A. Makes self-cannulation more difficult
B. Enables easier and less painful self-cannulation
C. Does not affect self-care ability
D. Is contraindicated for patients who self-cannulate
➡️ Answer: B. Enables easier and less painful self-cannulation

64. A patient using buttonhole cannulation reports increasing pain and swelling at the site. What should be the immediate action?
A. Continue with cannulation and monitor
B. Stop using the buttonhole site and assess for infection
C. Increase needle gauge
D. Ignore if no fever present
➡️ Answer: B. Stop using the buttonhole site and assess for infection

65. What is the role of scab removal in buttonhole cannulation?
A. It is unnecessary and should be avoided
B. It is essential to prevent needle insertion through contaminated tissue
C. It should be done only if there is visible pus
D. It should be done after needle insertion
➡️ Answer: B. It is essential to prevent needle insertion through contaminated tissue

66. Which factor contributes most to reducing infection risk in buttonhole cannulation?
A. Use of larger needles
B. Skipping hand hygiene
C. Strict aseptic technique including site cleaning and scab removal
D. Repeated use of sharp needles
➡️ Answer: C. Strict aseptic technique including site cleaning and scab removal

67. Which complication is more associated with conventional cannulation than buttonhole?
A. Higher risk of aneurysm formation due to repeated puncture sites
B. Higher infection rates
C. Higher risk of tunnel tract infection
D. Less bruising
➡️ Answer: A. Higher risk of aneurysm formation due to repeated puncture sites

68. Which statement regarding blunt needles in buttonhole cannulation is TRUE?
A. They are only used during the initial tract formation
B. They reduce trauma and pain during needle insertion after tract formation
C. They increase infection risk
D. They are never used in buttonhole cannulation
➡️ Answer: B. They reduce trauma and pain during needle insertion after tract formation

69. The formation of the buttonhole tract requires:
A. Random needle placements at different angles
B. Repeated cannulation at the same site with the same angle and depth
C. Using blunt needles from the start
D. Frequent site rotation
➡️ Answer: B. Repeated cannulation at the same site with the same angle and depth

70. What is a critical difference in needle management between buttonhole and conventional cannulation?
A. Buttonhole uses sharp needles each session
B. Buttonhole uses blunt needles after the tract is formed; conventional uses sharp needles every time
C. Conventional uses blunt needles after tract formation
D. Both use blunt needles every session
➡️ Answer: B. Buttonhole uses blunt needles after the tract is formed; conventional uses sharp needles every time

71. Which statement best describes the rationale for rotating needle sites in conventional cannulation?
A. To reduce the risk of aneurysm and vessel wall damage
B. To create a permanent tunnel tract
C. To reduce infection risk associated with repeated punctures
D. Both A and C
➡️ Answer: D. Both A and C

72. Which of the following is a reported benefit of buttonhole cannulation regarding vascular access survival?
A. Definitively prolongs fistula life in all patients
B. May reduce vascular trauma and prolong access usability
C. Has no impact on access longevity
D. Always leads to early fistula failure
➡️ Answer: B. May reduce vascular trauma and prolong access usability

73. In buttonhole cannulation, what is the recommended management if a scab at the site is difficult to remove?
A. Forcefully remove the scab immediately before cannulation
B. Soften the scab with antiseptic solution and remove gently prior to cannulation
C. Skip removal and puncture through it
D. Delay dialysis session until scab falls off naturally
➡️ Answer: B. Soften the scab with antiseptic solution and remove gently prior to cannulation

74. Which microorganism is most commonly implicated in buttonhole cannulation-related infections?
A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
D. Candida species
➡️ Answer: B. Staphylococcus aureus

75. Which is TRUE regarding the use of antibiotic ointments in buttonhole care?
A. They are never recommended
B. They may reduce infection risk when applied at the cannulation site after cleaning
C. They increase scab formation and should be avoided
D. They should replace antiseptic cleaning
➡️ Answer: B. They may reduce infection risk when applied at the cannulation site after cleaning

76. Which is a disadvantage of conventional cannulation compared to buttonhole?
A. Higher infection risk
B. More pain and discomfort during needle insertion
C. Requires less training
D. Lower incidence of hematoma
➡️ Answer: B. More pain and discomfort during needle insertion

77. What is the main challenge when first transitioning a patient from conventional to buttonhole cannulation?
A. Creating a consistent tract by cannulating the same site and angle repeatedly
B. Finding new sites to cannulate each session
C. Switching from blunt to sharp needles too early
D. Increased infection risk due to site rotation
➡️ Answer: A. Creating a consistent tract by cannulating the same site and angle repeatedly

78. Which is NOT a recommended practice for buttonhole cannulation site care?
A. Daily inspection of the site
B. Careful removal of scab before cannulation
C. Using the same needle angle and depth every session
D. Using the same needle insertion site only during the first session
➡️ Answer: D. Using the same needle insertion site only during the first session

79. Why might some clinicians prefer conventional cannulation over buttonhole?
A. Lower pain levels reported by patients
B. Lower infection risk, especially in centers with limited infection control resources
C. Easier for patients to self-cannulate
D. Less vascular trauma
➡️ Answer: B. Lower infection risk, especially in centers with limited infection control resources

80. Which statement about hematoma formation is correct?
A. Buttonhole cannulation typically causes more hematomas
B. Conventional cannulation is associated with more frequent hematoma formation
C. Both techniques have the same hematoma risk
D. Hematomas are rare with both techniques
➡️ Answer: B. Conventional cannulation is associated with more frequent hematoma formation


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