21. Which factor does not significantly influence diffusion during hemodialysis?
A. Solute molecular weight
B. Surface area of the membrane
C. Concentration gradient
D. Patient’s blood type
➡️ Answer: D. Patient’s blood type
22. Which of the following solutes is considered a “middle molecule”?
A. Urea
B. Glucose
C. β2-microglobulin
D. Sodium
➡️ Answer: C. β2-microglobulin
23. What is the main function of the dialyzer membrane?
A. To increase blood pressure
B. To act as a semipermeable barrier for solute and water exchange
C. To filter oxygen into blood
D. To deliver heparin into circulation
➡️ Answer: B. To act as a semipermeable barrier for solute and water exchange
24. What is the best indicator that a hemodialysis session has effectively removed uremic toxins?
A. Blood pressure increase
B. KT/V > 1.2
C. Pulse rate drops
D. Patient eats a full meal post-dialysis
➡️ Answer: B. KT/V > 1.2
25. What is the most common reason for inadequate dialysis dose (low KT/V)?
A. Increased potassium levels
B. Dialyzer clotting or poor blood flow
C. Increased TMP
D. Overhydration
➡️ Answer: B. Dialyzer clotting or poor blood flow
26. Which component controls ultrafiltration volume in modern dialysis machines?
A. Arterial pressure monitor
B. Blood leak detector
C. Ultrafiltration pump
D. Air detector
➡️ Answer: C. Ultrafiltration pump
27. What does the term “high-efficiency dialyzer” refer to?
A. Dialyzer with low clearance rate
B. Dialyzer that uses no dialysate
C. Dialyzer with high urea clearance and large surface area
D. Dialyzer that prevents protein loss
➡️ Answer: C. Dialyzer with high urea clearance and large surface area
28. Dialysis clearance is defined as:
A. The rate at which fluid is lost
B. Volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per unit time
C. Change in body weight post-dialysis
D. The amount of dialysate used
➡️ Answer: B. Volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per unit time
29. Which is a disadvantage of using cellulose-based dialyzer membranes?
A. Poor solute clearance
B. Highly biocompatible
C. Higher incidence of complement activation
D. Can’t be sterilized
➡️ Answer: C. Higher incidence of complement activation
30. The rate of fluid removal (UF rate) is typically expressed as:
A. mL/kg/hr
B. mmHg/hr
C. L/min
D. mmol/L
➡️ Answer: A. mL/kg/hr
31. Which of the following best describes hemodiafiltration (HDF)?
A. A process that uses diffusion only
B. A process combining both diffusion and convection for solute clearance
C. A blood purification method that filters blood through the liver
D. A low-efficiency method for fluid removal
➡️ Answer: B. A process combining both diffusion and convection for solute clearance
32. Which of the following parameters increases convective clearance?
A. Increasing dialysate sodium
B. Increasing TMP
C. Increasing dialysate flow rate
D. Decreasing blood flow rate
➡️ Answer: B. Increasing TMP
33. The “UFR” (Ultrafiltration Rate) should be limited to prevent intradialytic hypotension. Recommended limit is:
A. < 5 mL/kg/hr
B. < 7 mL/min
C. < 1 L/hr
D. < 2 mL/kg/hr
➡️ Answer: A. < 5 mL/kg/hr
34. In dialysis, clearance of small solutes is mainly determined by:
A. Membrane thickness
B. Blood flow rate and dialysate flow rate
C. Patient’s urine output
D. Hematocrit
➡️ Answer: B. Blood flow rate and dialysate flow rate
35. A dialyzer is termed “reprocessed” when:
A. The dialyzer membrane is replaced
B. It is reused after cleaning and sterilization
C. It is discarded and replaced
D. Blood lines are flushed only
➡️ Answer: B. It is reused after cleaning and sterilization
36. Which dialysis machine component measures negative pressure in the arterial line?
A. TMP sensor
B. Arterial pressure monitor
C. Blood leak detector
D. Conductivity sensor
➡️ Answer: B. Arterial pressure monitor
37. KT/V = 1.0 means:
A. No clearance achieved
B. Urea removal equals 50% of total body content
C. Urea clearance volume equals total body water
D. Excessive fluid was removed
➡️ Answer: C. Urea clearance volume equals total body water
38. Which of the following contributes to increased solute removal in high-efficiency hemodialysis?
A. Decreased dialysate flow rate
B. High membrane surface area and porosity
C. Reduced blood flow
D. Small molecule retention
➡️ Answer: B. High membrane surface area and porosity
39. The purpose of dialysate conductivity monitoring is to:
A. Measure blood pressure
B. Detect ultrafiltration errors
C. Prevent hemolysis or cramps due to incorrect dialysate composition
D. Measure KT/V
➡️ Answer: C. Prevent hemolysis or cramps due to incorrect dialysate composition
40. A “dry dialyzer” refers to one that:
A. Is used without water
B. Has not yet been primed
C. Has no fibers
D. Is for pediatric use only
➡️ Answer: B. Has not yet been primed
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